Saturday, July 20, 2013

AFRICAN EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS OF THE NEW WORLD


We have been taught that the populating of the Americas began with the migration of Asian peoples across the land bridge from Siberia to Alaska, and this is true. They were followed thousands of years later by European explorers, mostly Spanish, and then by European settlers. It was only later that African peoples arrived in the New World as part of the transatlantic slave trade. But Africans, both slave and free, arrived beginning with Columbus at the end of the 15th Century, more that 100 years before the English and Dutch appeared. Gathered together here are a number of stories about individuals of African ancestry and their experiences in the New World. ALL of these people and events were prior to the Pilgrims landing at Plymouth Rock in 1620.

 

THE STORY OF PEDRO ALONSO NINO (1492 through 1505)

A navigator and explorer of African ancestry, Pedro Alonso Nino traveled with Christopher Columbus’ first expedition to the New World in 1492. He was also known as “El Negro” (The Black). Pedro Nino was the pilot of Columbus’ ship the “Santa Maria.” In 1493, he also accompanied Columbus on the explorer’s second voyage which discovered Trinidad and the mouth of the Orinoco River in South America, piloting one of the 17 ships in the fleet. This voyage also brought the first Africans, who were actually free men, to Hispaniola. Pedro Nino led his own expedition, financed by the Council of Castile, to find gold and pearls in areas not already discovered by Columbus. He returned to Spain very wealthy but did not live up to an agreement he had with the King to turn over 20% of his treasure (known as “The Royal Fifth”). He was arrested and died in prison before his trial.

AFRICANS ASSIST BALBOA IN DICOVERING THE PACIFIC OCEAN (1513)

Vasco Nunez de Balboa founded the first permanent European settlement on mainland American soil in 1510. It was called Santa Maria and was located near today’s Cartagena, Columbia. Balboa brought in enslaved Africans from Hispaniola to help construct the village. Three years later, with 190 Spanish Conquistadores and 30 African auxiliaries, Balboa sailed to the Isthmus of Panama. The expedition headed overland through the dense rainforests. Along the way, his men fought many local Indians, killing hundreds and taking their gold. From a hilltop in modern Panama, Balboa became the first European to see the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, which he claimed for Spain. The African contingent became the first of their race to see the Pacific as well.

BUILDING SETTLEMENTS IN HISPANIOLA (1517)

Bishop Bartolome de Las Casas petitions Spain to allow the importation of 12 enslaved Africans for each household immigrating to the colony in Hispaniola. Africans were used to replace the devastated native population as enslaved laborers. Criticisms of Las Casas point to him as responsible for starting the transatlantic slave trade. Yet later in life, he apologized for his earlier views and declared that all forms of slavery were wrong.

THE STORY OF JUAN GARRIDO (1513 through 1538)

He was born in Africa. As a young man he was taken to Seville as a slave. There is no record of his tribal name, but he took the name Juan Garrido meaning “Handsome John” while a servant to the Spaniard Pedro Garrido. About 1502, Juan arrived in Santo Domingo as part of an expedition to the new world. He was among the first Africans to land in the Americas. He was trained in the military arts of the “conquistadors.” Garrido was counted among the men that went with Ponce de Leon on his search for the Fountain of Youth in Florida in 1513.

In 1519, he was a member of the expedition led by Hernan Cortes that invaded Mexico, beginning the conquest of the Aztecs. They laid siege to the city of Tenochtitlan and conquered it. The following year, Juan Garrido built a chapel to honor the many Spanish soldiers killed by the Aztecs. But the Aztecs regrouped and retook the city. In 1521, the Spanish finally defeated the native population and Tenochtitlan was renamed Mexico City.

Garrido settled in Mexico City, married, and raised a family but he was denied land and Spanish citizenship because of his ancestry. After years as a soldier, he had to provide proof of his service. In 1538, he testified, “I, Juan Garrido, black in color, a resident of this city appear before Your Mercy to provide evidence. I served Your Majesty in the conquest and pacification of New Spain, from the time when Hernan Cortes entered it. And in his company, I was present at all the invasions which were carried out. All of which I did at my own expense without being given either salary or allotment of natives. I went to discover and pacify the islands of Puerto Rico, and also I went on the conquest of the island of Cuba with Diego Velazquez. For thirty years I have served Your Majesty.” Juan Garrido received his allowance of land and became a farmer. Later he produces the first commercial wheat crop in the New World.

THE FIRST AFRICANS COME TO PRESENT DAY U.S. TERRITORY (1526)

The Spanish expedition of Lucas Vasquez Allyon planned to establish a European colony on the coast of North Carolina. In late 1526, six hundred settlers landed and laid out the village of San Miguel de Gualdape. Time was running short as winter approached so a group of Africans were brought in to erect the settlement. It was the first instance of African slave labor to be used within the territory of today’s United States. The colony only lasted for six months as the severe winter, hunger, and disease ravaged the population. When disputes arose between groups of Europeans, the slaves took an opportunity to gain their freedom. They fled to the interior and settled among the local Indian populations, or “re-indigenized.” It was the first recorded slave rebellion in North America.

 

THE STORY OF ESTEBAN (1527 through 1539)

Estevanico, better known to history as Esteban (or “Little Stephen”) is considered the first Black Conquistador. Born in Africa, the ten-year old was brought to Spain in 1513 as a slave. The boy became the personal servant of his master, Andres de Dorantes.

 

A decade later both Dorantes and Esteban joined the expedition of Narvaez to conquer Florida for Spain. The Spanish King had granted to Narvaez all of what is today the Gulf Coast of the U.S. provided he establish several villages and forts in the region. Six hundred Spanish, Portuguese, and African troops arrived in Santiago, Cuba, in the autumn of 1527. In April of 1528, the expedition entered Tampa Bay and landed near present day St. Petersburg. Narvaez was declared the Royal Governor of La Florida. Not long after, Timucua and Apalachee warriors attacked the expedition using guerrilla tactics.

 

The Spanish struggled for survival and had to build new boats using tools recast from their iron weapons. Only 242 soldiers remained. Gulf storms then reduced this number to 80. A hurricane washed the last remaining four men ashore near the site of Galveston, Texas. Surviving was Cabeza de Vaca (an explorer), Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, Dorantes, and his servant Estaban. They were the first men from Europe and Africa to enter the southwestern part of the U.S.

 

Esteban was captured by natives and held as their slave for five years. He finally escaped and rejoined the other three. Esteban was adept at learning native languages and acted as a translator for the group. These four men proceeded to walk from south Texas through New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico all the way to Mexico City. Their journey took four years  

 

In 1536, Estaban accompanied Cabeza de Vaca on explorations in northern Mexico. He served as an interpreter and scout for the de Vaca Expedition; and later took command of the group after natives killed its leader. Three years later, he was part of an expedition led by Friar Marcos de Niza from Mexico City into the far north of New Spain. It was a reconnaissance in force that scouted the terrain for Francisco Coronado’s search for the “Seven Cities of Gold.” Esteban was popular with the native tribes he encountered until reaching northeast New Mexico. There, the Zuni’s saw him as a harbinger of death. He was killed at the Zuni town of Hawikuh, just east of the present day border of Arizona and New Mexico. His reports indicated that he had seen a city “as large as Mexico City” on a hill and that it looked wealthy - but Coronado was never able to find the city that Esteban saw.

 

THE BLACK CONQUISTODORS (1520 through 1600)

Although most Africans came to America, in the early days, as slaves; records show that many black freedmen from Seville and other Spanish cities found passage to the New World either to settle in the Caribbean region or to follow the conquests of Mexico and Peru. They identified themselves as Catholic subjects to the King with the same privileges as opportunities as white Spaniards.

Many people of African descent used military service as a means to emancipation and inclusion in Spanish society. As the numbers of settlers in Spanish territory increased, the Black Conquistadors acted as pacifiers and security forces. Some of them were awarded land grants and special recognition.

Notable Black Conquistadors included Juan Garrido and Estaban (both mentioned earlier) as well as Sabastian Toral who fought in the conquest of the Yucatan and Juan Valiente who helped pacify Guatemala, Peru, and Chile. Some, like Juan Garcia, fought well then returned to Spain as wealthy men.

Conquistadors of African ancestry accompanied the expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado from Mexico City to what is now central Kansas. Some Africans remained behind in Kansas and New Mexico after Coronado departed, and are believed to have been absorbed into the native tribes.

AFRICAN POPULATION SOARS (1570)

Between 1519 and 1600, about 151,000 “Spanish” Africans arrived in the Americas. The population of colonial Mexico included 20,600 blacks and 2,500 mulattoes. This is more than three decades before the first English colonists arrive in the Virginia.

THE STORY OF ISABEL DE OLVERA (1598)

Isabel de Olvera, a free woman living in Mexico, accompanied the Juan Guerra de Resa Expedition which colonized what is now New Mexico. She is best known for a deposition given before a Spanish court avowing her rights before her journey.

“I am going on the expedition to New Mexico and have some reason to fear that I may be annoyed by some individuals since I am a mulatta, and it is proper to protect my rights in such an eventuality by an affidavit showing that I am a free woman and the legitimate daughter of Hernando, a Negro, and an Indian woman. I therefore request your grace to accept this affidavit which shows that I am free and not bound by marriage or slavery. I request that a properly certified and signed copy be given to me in order to protect my rights, and that carry full legal authority. I demand justice.” Despite her fear, Isabel made the journey.

YANGA LEADS HIS PEOPLE TO INDEPENDENCE (1570 through 1609)

Gaspar Yanga, a slave but also a member of the royal family of Gabon in western Central Africa, becomes a leader of revolting African slaves near Vera Cruz, Mexico, during the height of the Spanish Empire. His people escaped bondage and hid in the forests of the Mexican highlands for thirty years. They survived in the rugged terrain by capturing Spanish supply caravans.

In 1609, the Spanish government decided to end this revolt once and for all. A force of 600 troops moved into the area to face Yanga’s outnumbered and poorly armed colony. At first Yanga offered peace terms similar to those accepted from native tribes. They were refused by the Spanish. Therefore, Yanga decided to use his knowledge of the terrain to resist the invasion
; inflicting enough pain that the Spanish would withdraw. A battle was fought yielding heavy losses on both sides. When the colonial troops could not complete a military victory, they agreed to discuss other options. By 1618, a treaty was consummated which allowed Yanga’s people to remain on their land and were allowed to build a town of their own. The town of “San Lorenzo de los Negros” received a charter from Spanish officials and becomes the first officially recognized free settlement for blacks in the New World. The town, renamed Yanga, remains today.

THE STORY OF ANTONIO THE NEGRO (1619)

One of the few recorded histories, and taken from court records, of an African in America tells the story of “Antonio the negro.” He was brought to the Jamestown colony in 1619. His name is recorded in the 1625 Virginia census. English law does not define racial slavery, so he was called simply an indentured servant. After securing his freedom by paying off his debt, Antonio changed his name to Anthony Johnson, married an African woman, and had four children; and the family was free. They went on to own land, buildings, and livestock. Still, by 1650, the Johnsons were only six of the 400 Africans among the Virginia Colony’s 19,000 settlers.

55 comments:

  1. I really love this site. Very insightful.

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  2. Wonderful site! I maintain the Facebook page for the Haywood County NAACP. May we use some of the images from your blog to inspire our members? Thank you!

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  3. Wonderfully detailed information

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  4. Hi! Thank you for your work! May I borrow your image of Pedro Alonso Nino? I am a homeschooling mom creating a Black History supplement to accompany our second grade curriculum. Thanks!

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  5. Sorry great info, only problem, not all blacks came via to Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, many were here already, Documented proof.

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    1. Many people don't know this or just simply leave that part out even though they are aware of this. He at least mentioned that there were also African and people of African Decent who accompanied Columbus and those who were also explorers/navigators.

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    2. Many people don't know this or just simply leave that part out even though they are aware of this. He at least mentioned that there were also African and people of African Decent who accompanied Columbus and those who were also explorers/navigators.

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    3. Pedro was a Moor, as i am and was the rapist Columbus's navigator! You europeans always try to separate the fact that we indians are still afrikans/Israelites/Moors ! We the same bloodline! And search about Mansa Musa coming here and the olmec heads! We were a world people! Just because we changed to tribalism don't mean we not the same people.

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  6. Hi Robert, Your information regarding PEDRO ALONSO NINO is not correct, he was neither Black nor African as you heading suggests. He was Spanish. The portrait you are displaying is also not of him but that of a Shakespearean actor from the 1800s which is several centuries after what your post is claiming.

    I tried emailing you to inquire where you found such erroneous information but the email was un-deliverable so decided to leave you this comment. Unfortunately there are many that believe everything they read on line and never bother to research or verify it themselves before copying and pasting to their own sites. This type of thing only serves to muddy the waters for those looking for legitimate real facts and would like to suggest that you list documented sources for your research so that those visiting your blog and looking for accurate historical information will know what is real fact from what is not.

    If you would like to contact me regarding this matter, you can find my email address through one of the sites attached to my Google + profile

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    Replies
    1. Im a little confused on the correction here. If Pedro Alonzo Nino is not "Black", which does not give a positive ID of his phenotype, nor African which also does not ID his phenotype either, how are we correcting this with the nationality known as "Spanish"??????????????????????

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    2. There is also an accurate depiction of Senior Nino located at the below listed address which suggests a "Mulatto" or majoral Afripoid DNA background.....
      Below the incorrect, they post an actual artist depiction of the Navigator that the artist made in that period....
      http://jacjackie4308.blogspot.com/2014/11/pedro-alonso-nino-piloted-one-of.html

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    3. AND PLEASE LET'S NOT FORGET, HIS NICKNAME>>>>>>

      "THE BLACK"

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    4. And according to wikki, at the 1st voyage CC (1492) Spain was not the constituted country we know today!

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  7. I am using the information above for BLACK HISTORY month.

    Thanks for the information.

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  8. Your information is so Informative to me and for my audience; I am going to use it for the month of February as Black History UNVEILED.

    Thanks for the information. It so Informative, and culturally aspiring but I know in my SOUL that a lot of suffering, INJUSTICE and disrespectful encounters with EVILS took place.

    I sense that there was much sadness that took place, in the beginning to the ENDING, yet some of my people were fortunate to gain some powers and high positions.

    ReplyDelete
  9. Your information is so Informative to me and for my audience; I am going to use it for the month of February as Black History UNVEILED.

    Thanks for the information. It so Informative, and culturally aspiring but I know in my SOUL that a lot of suffering, INJUSTICE and disrespectful encounters with EVILS took place.

    I sense that there was much sadness that took place, in the beginning to the ENDING, yet some of my people were fortunate to gain some powers and high positions.

    ReplyDelete
  10. I am using the information above for BLACK HISTORY month.

    Thanks for the information.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. What about all the ancient black civilizations? You know Egypt Cambodia Mexico Indus etc..

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  11. Take the time to visit the me http://whistory.org/index.php/category/explorers/ and say that the change in design and meniu?

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  12. Great information, however, the information on "Antonio the Negro" is not accurate. The Antonio you are referring to did not arrive until 1621. He married Mary and changed his name to Anthony Johnson. After gaining his freedom they left Virginia and moved to the Maryland Eastern Shore and started their own plantation. You can Google the information.

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  13. Good information but I do see some inaccurate information. Africans were here centuries before any Asian settlers. This misinformation can be confirmed by scholars such as Ivan Von Sertima and John Henrick Clark who both noted the simple mathematics behind it all. That is, Africa is but a short boat trip from the the America's. It is asinine to insinuate that the that the Africans were so stupid that they could not navigate a nautical exploration right across the ocean. Africans were the first people just about every corner of this planet.

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    1. Such nonsense is what misleads the Black community. Ask yourselves, where did Messr. Van Sertima and Clark get their information? They certainly got it from white researchers and they made no such claim.Africans made canoes from tree trunks not sailings vessels. They would have had to paddle across the Atlantic rather sail. On a canoe, where would they have stored provisions, water and food and such. AfroCentrics can't think, perhaps that is why you were made slaves. Cease you practice of stealing other peoples History!

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    2. Africans understood many things others did not. We taught those others. One lesson concerned the flow of the currents and where to enter those currents depending on where you were headed--the "new" world, for example.

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  14. Replies
    1. It's a spherical

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    2. the earth is not flat because if it was flat then why are shoes not flat,cats,humans,cars,and when a meteor hits then the flat earth would flip go back to school you kids.

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  15. Flat Earth Society claims that "The evidence for a flat Earth is derived from many different facets of science and philosophy. The simplest is by relying on one's own senses to discern the true nature of the world around us... This is using what's called an empirical approach, or an approach that relies on information from your senses."

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  16. These renditions are informative, but an important aspect is left out of the scenario, the Spanish colonization of Florida. Florida under Spanish rule went all the way to the South Carolina Border and was a serious threat to the early English settlers in Charles Towne. There were Africans in Florida slave and free. and the various Native American tribes fleeing the enslavement first of the Yamasee and then the Yamasee themselves fled into Florida for safety. Both the Indians and Spaniards owned and traded in slaves, in North America, before the arrival of slaves at Olde Point Comfort, Virginia in 1619

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  17. THe picture that accompanies the story about Juan Garrido is not Juan Garrido, but rather Diego Valezquez's slave, whose name was 'Juan de Pareja.'

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  28. Life is always beautiful when you are in good health. For almost 4 years I have been with herpes and I was lonely and sad. Fortunately I turned to a good and great doctor. to help me get back to health. completely cured my herpes.Today I am herpes free and very healthy. Many thanks. Dr ubarlo For returning my health. I will always be grateful. Dr ubarlo If you are reading this testimong and you have some kind of illness.(1) hepatitis.(2)cancer.(3) HIV.(4)herpes.(5) fibroids.6) ) (7) Cancer diabetes, you can also contact him on his email address drubarlohome@gmail.com or Whatsapp +2348119508814

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  29. I've been treating herpes virus for several years with different medications until I saw a post on how a young lady got cured from herpes, Out of desperation I decided to contact him with little or no hope of a solution after taken his herbal medications reluctantly to my biggest surprise I tested negative, God bless you Dr ubarlo drubarlohome@gmail.com or Whatsapp +2348119508814 for his wonderful work

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  30. (NO MEMBERSHIP FEE TO JOIN ILLUMINATI), I am giving a testimony on how i became rich and
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  31. I was searching for loan to sort out my bills& debts, then i saw comments about Blank ATM Credit Card that can be hacked to withdraw money from any ATM machines around you. I doubted this but decided to give it a try by contacting {professional.hacker55@yahoo.com} they responded with their guidelines on how the card works. I was assured that the card can withdraw $5,000 instant per day & was credited with$50,000,000.00 so i requested for one & paid the delivery fee to obtain the card, after 24 hours later, i was shock to see the UPS agent in my resident with a parcel{card} i signed and went back inside and confirmed the card work's after the agent left. This is no doubts because i have the card & has made used of the card. This hackers are USA based hackers set out to help people with financial freedom!! Contact these email if you wants to get rich with this Via: professional.hacker55@yahoo.com.

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  32. My name is Boris Mitchell! I'm here to testify about Mr harry Blank ATM Cards which can withdraw money from any ATM machines all over the world. I applied for the Blank Card to my greatest surprise I have used it to get 24,000 dollars. You can withdrawal up to $1,200 per day. You can also use it to shop online and attach it to your PayPal account. The card is already been hack, loaded and programmed with fund. If you want to get one for yourself, contact him via his email: (harrybrownn59@gmail.com) Do not miss this great opportunity.

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  33. I've been treating herpes virus for several years with different medications until I saw a post on how a young lady got cured from herpes, Out of desperation I decided to contact him with little or no hope of a solution after taken his herbal medications reluctantly to my biggest surprise I tested negative, God bless drubarlohome@gmail.com or +2348119508814 for his wonderful work

    ReplyDelete
  34. Happiness is all i see now big thanks to Dr. Ubarlo from West Africa (NIGERIA), I never thought that I will live on earth before the year runs out. I have been suffering from a deadly disease herpes Virus for the past 2 years now; I had spent a lot of money going from one place to another, hospitals have been my home every day. Constant checks have been my hobby not until this blessed day, I was searching through the Internet, I saw a testimony on how Dr. Ubarlo. from West Africa (NIGERIA) helped someone in curing his herpes Virus . quickly I copied his Whatsapp Contact: +2348119508814 just to give him a test I spoke to him, he asked me to do some certain things which I did,he told me that he is going to provide the herbal cure to me, which he did, then he asked me to go for medical checkup after some days after using the herbal medication, I was free from the deadly disease, he only asked me to post the testimony through the whole world, faithfully am doing it now, please brothers and sisters, he is great, I owe him in return. if you are having a similar problem just contact him by Email: at drubarlohome@gmail.com whatsapp him on +2348119508814 HIS HAVE THE CURE TO THIS FOLLOWING DEADLY DISEASE [1] Ischemic heart disease [2] Cerebrovascular disease [3] Lower respiratory infections [4] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [5] Diarrhea diseases [6] Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers [7] Tuberculosis [8] Diabetes mellifluous [9] Hypertension heart disease [10] HIV/AIDS

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  35. My health was horrible before I decided to try the Protocol Of taking Dr. Ebhota pure herbal mixture. I felt there was no hope for my health and I was to try the Protocol, thinking it wouldn’t work because I have visited so many hospitals with the same result. However, I was convinced by an Instagram friend to try herbal medicine because I wanted to get rid of Herpes virus. The herbal mixture that was given to me was really quick and easy to take, within 2 week I was fully cured from Herpes. The herbal medicine really work and I will like to share this great doctor contact with you all by email him drebhotasolution@gmail.com WhatsApp +2348089535482 You won't regret it, I promise. ,,//

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  36. Its a pleasure for me to write this testimony about how i got my Genital Herpes simplex been reading so many comments of some people who were cured from various diseases by Dr ubarlo but i never believed them. I was hurt and depressed so I was too curious and wanted to try Dr ubarlo, then i contacted him through his email when i contact him, he assured me 100% that he will heal me, i pleaded with him to help me out. My treatment was a great success, he healed me just as he promised. he sent me his medication and ask me to go for check up after one weeks of taking the medication. i agreed with him i took this medication and went for check up a , to my greatest surprise my result was negative after the treatment, i am really happy that i am cured and healthy again. I have waited for 3weeks to be very sure i was completely healed before writing this testimony. I did another blood test one week ago and it was still Herpes negative. so i guess its time i recommend anyone going through Herpes HSV-1 or HSV-2, HIV, HPV, Hepatitis B, Diabetes, Cancer reach him through Email drubarlohome@gmail.com OR add on whatsapp +2348119508814

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